Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)
Authored by Abera Jaleta
Grape
(Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the important commercial subtropical vine crops
grown all over the world except at a few places with high altitude and extreme
temperature [1]. It is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and
southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east
to northern Iran. It belongs to the family Vitaceae, is one of the oldest, most
extensively cultivated and economically significant fruit crops in the world
[2,3].
The
three major uses of grapes are; wine making, fresh fruit (table grapes) and
dried fruit (raisins) production. It can be used for making wine, jam, juice,
jelly, grape seed extract, ethanol, raisins, vinegar, grape seed oil, tartaric
acid, fertilizer, grape derived antioxidant compounds (polyphenols,
resveratrol) and etc. Grape also associated with prevention of cancer, heart
disease, high blood pressure, allergies, diabetes, constipation etc. [4].
It is
a vine crop and trained on wires on both sides of plant. It is a short duration
crop and consumed as fresh and in dried form [5]. Global grape production
currently amounts to more than 75 million metric tons per year. Today there are
over 18 million acres of cultivated vineyards worldwide. The top 5 grape
producing counties are China, Italy, United States, France and Spain
respectively, while Ethiopia is 77th in the world. In Ethiopia, the total grape
production, harvested area and yield of grape in the year 2014 was reached 5118
tones, 2544 ha and 20123 hectogram ha-1, respectively [6].
Grape propagation for commercial vineyards includes the use of cuttings, rooting, budding, layers and grafts [7]. Cutting is one of the extensively practiced means of vegetative propagation of plants in horticulture industry [8] and is the most important practices in viticulture [9]. It has many advantages such as being economical [1], require a limited space, simple [8,10], rapid for dissemination of selected clones or new varieties resulting from breeding programs [8,11]. It maintains true to type varietal characteristics [7,12,13]. Cutting is highly practical and economically important. It is used extensively to propagate ornamental plants, including deciduous types, broad-leaved evergreens and coniferous forms. Fruits such as grapes and figs have been propagated in this manner since ancient times [14]. Grapevines are very easy to grow from cuttings [8,13]. It is well known that in comparison to soft wood cuttings, grapes are generally propagated through hardwood cuttings [8]. The main reasons are due to its highest success rate [9,15] without the use of special rooting technique, least expensive and easiest method of vegetative propagation [12,13,16]. Cuttings can also be made from the stem, modified stem, roots or leaves [13].
Rooting
media is one of the most important factors for rooted cutting production. It is
one of the factors affecting rooting and growth of grape cuttings [4]. Types of
media have significantly influenced the rooting and vegetative growth of
cuttings. Growing media should be considered an essential part of the
propagation system because rooting competency depends on the type of medium
used. Rooting medium directly effect on quality and percentage of rooting [5].
Both the biological and physico-chemical characteristics of a potting medium
affect plant and root growth [4]. It is known that good growth media provides a
reservoir for plant nutrients, hold plant available water, and provide a means
for gas exchange and good anchorage for the plants [17].
Objectives
• To review the effect of different growth media on rooting percentage, roots and shoot growth performance of grape cutting.
• To
identify research gap on the effect of growth media on rooting and required
growth performance of grape cutting.
Review
on the Effect of Media on Rooting and Growth of Cuttings of Grape
The
quality of potting mixes and field nursery soils is critical to cutting
establishment [13]. It is known that good growth media provides a reservoir for
plant nutrients, hold plant available water, and provide a means for gas
exchange and good anchorage for the plants [17-19]. Lack of one or more of
these beneficial characteristics leads to lower rooting percentage of cuttings
or undesirable root shape and or form [18]. Thus, growers typically use peat,
perlite, vermiculite, sand, fallow land and organic and inorganic composted
materials to prepare nutritious potting mixtures [20]. Review on the effect of
media on rooting and root growth parameters of grape cutting
Effect
of media on rooting percentage of grape cutting: Factors affecting rooting of
grape cuttings can be internal or external factors. Internal factors affecting
rooting of cuttings include the amount of stored food in cuttings, the age and
maturity of tissue, the formation of callus and adventitious roots and the
presence of leaves and buds on cuttings. The external factors include rooting
media, chemical and hormone treatments, light, temperature, mechanical
treatment and mist spray [14]. Many papers present studies on the effect of
various media for rooting cuttings. Vermiculite, perlite, and other products
have been and are being tested with a view of improving plant propagation
methods [14].
Many
mixtures have been used as media for propagation. Cuttings of some plants which
root poorly in sand, often root satisfactorily in mixtures of equal volumes of
sand and peat. A mixture of equal parts of peat and sawdust was satisfactory
for rooting of grape. A mixture which contained 1 part of peat, 1 part of sand,
and 1 part of sawdust also proved satisfactory [21]. Any medium which holds
moisture and supplies air is satisfactory. However, different media cause
variations in root quality [22]. Of 43 kinds of plants propagated by stem
cuttings, 30 produced finer and more flexible roots in peat moss than in sand
due to the reduced aeration and increased moisture [14]. When cuttings are
rooted in sand and peat moss or perlite and peat moss, the roots developed are
well branched, slender and flexible, a type much more suited for digging and
repotting [23]. Among some of the rooting media used in Ghana is a mixture of
equal parts of coarse river sand and composted oil palm fiber. The fiber holds
moisture while the sand keeps the mixture open and well aerated [24].
Tsipouridis et al. [25] studied on five rooting substrates (perlite (1-5 mm), peat, perlite + peat (50:50 %), sand and perlite (covered cuttings were additionally enclosed in a polyethylene bag)) and found rooting the 50:50 peats perlite mixtures gave a reasonable amount. Dvin et al. [18] also reported that using of coco peat + perlite media resulted in higher percentage of cuttings that rooted. Ibrahim [24], showed that sand/ fiber mixture gave a higher percentage of rooting success and produced stronger and more fibrous roots than sand, fiber or peat moss alone.
Muhammad
et al. [5] observed that the statistical analysis depicts significance of
potting media on the rooting percentage (P<0.05). CSb and CSBCP potting
media had more than 70% rooting in comparison to CS and CSFYM potting media
with less than 50%. The highest mean rooting percentage (84.44) was observed
from grape cuttings grown in potting media having mixture of canal silt (25%),
bagasse (50%) and coco peat (25%).
Research
done by Krishna [1] as in (Table 1) better rooting obtained from sand + 10 or
20% coco peat for hardwood cuttings of both Dogridge and 1613C. While in case
of soft wood cuttings, sand + 10% coco peat recorded significantly higher
percentage of rooting in both varieties (Table 1). Ferrer et al. [26] reported
that, percentage rooting was highest in sand (84.9), followed by soil (37.7)
and the soil + sand mix (27.8). But the root development in sand was poor and
the plants were not commercially acceptable. While the cuttings rooted in soil
+ sand mix produced better root and shoot development.
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